Some of them can probably be found just three miles away at Old Langho in the form of St Leonard’s church.  Built in 1557, it is one of the few churches built between the years 1553 to 1558 in the reign of Mary I who

restored the Roman Catholic faith after the break from Rome by her father Henry VIII whose Reformation resulted in abbeys, like the one at Whalley, being left to fall into ruins.

Built as a Roman Catholic church, St Leonard’s was constructed with materials brought the three miles from the abbey site.  The high quality stonework includes carvings, windows, plinths, a piscina and a credence.

The main roof timbers also came from the abbey.

The fragments of medieval glass in the windows of the chancel were also probably retrieved from the abbey. They appear to have once been parts of a larger image, with tantalising glimpses of hands, robes and foliage that must once have graced the abbey church of St Mary.

 Also in the chancel is a piscina, flanked by two very old oak chairs which were chained to the wall for safety.

There were also some lovely tiles on the floor, although I don’t know whether these were brought from the abbey. 

The ends of the benches are 17th century and many are carved with initials and dates. 

St Leonard’s church is in the care of The Churches Conservation Trust, a national charity which saves historic churches at risk.  If it is locked the key is available from the adjacent Black Bull pub.

Yesterday, I visited Furness Abbey again, for the first time in almost a quarter of a century.  It was the same as I remembered it.  The walls still glow red in the sunlight and there is still a quiet reverence about the site.  The only thing that was different were the girders which are temporarily in place to prevent the walls from sinking. 

But it was because of these girders that I had asked my son to drive me all those miles back to the abbey – not to see them especially but the treasures that had been discovered because of them.

When English Heritage identified a problem with the walls of the abbey church – cracks were appearing as the original wooden foundations deteriorated – remedial work was undertaken and during the excavations the grave of an abbot was found in the presbytery – the sacred space where only priests were allowed.  A burial here is unusual as even abbots would have been more likely to be buried in the chapter house.  But the discovery of the complete skeleton, still wearing his ring and with his crozier is a rare find.

The treasures are on display at the abbey over the May bank holiday weekend and it was to see them for myself that I went to Furness which lies on a peninsula to the west of the Lake District.

The crozier, which is shaped like a shepherd’s crook, is a symbol of a high status member of clergy and croziers are carried today by bishops and archbishops.  The crozier found in the burial at Furness Abbey is made from bronze, gilded with gold and carried on an ash staff.  The emblem at its centre is silver, possibly originally gilded, and shows Saint Michael slaying a dragon.

The ring is large and has a white stone which is yet to be identified. It could be rock crystal or a semi-precious jewel.  It may have been a reliquary ring with a holy relic concealed within it.  The part that lies against the finger is shaped like a pyramid with the point designed to dig into the finger and provide the abbot with an ongoing penance.

After the weekend further tests will take place on the discoveries, including the fragment of textile found where the crozier was joined to its staff.  Analysis of this may reveal exactly what the textile is made from – it’s is probably a mixture of linen and silk – and it may be possible to say where it was originally woven.

Tests will also take place on the skeleton. Part of the thigh bone will be carbon dated and a sample from the teeth will be examined to discover where the abbot lived during his formative years and what his diet was. With luck, archaeologists may be able to name him if the dates coincide with the abbey records.

As you may know from previous posts, I’m uncomfortable about taking bodies from the ground in which they were buried with dignity and faith, but in this instance it was preferable to retrieve the body before concrete was poured into the area to stabilise the building.  I hope that the findings reveal his identity and that he can be eventually re-interred in his abbey church with a solemn and fitting ceremony.

Other artefacts worth seeing at the abbey include some excellent examples of effigies, especially those of two knights wearing their helms which are quite rare.  If you’re in the area, or if you want to make a journey through some lovely countryside, do give the abbey your support.  Underpinning the walls won’t be cheap, but I would like to think they will still be there in another 500 years to delight both small girls and their adult alter-egos.

There’s an excellent short video from Channel 4 news that shows the finds: http://www.channel4.com/news/medieval-abbots-grave-discovered-at-furness-abbey

Wallace Hartley

In the cemetery at Colne you will find the grave of Wallace Hartley who was drowned at sea when the Titanic sank in 1912.  Go straight down the main central path and the grave

Wallace Hartley's grave in Colne cemetery

is near the bottom on the left hand side, just set back from the path.  It is a tall white monument that is engraved with the words ‘In Loving Memory of Wallace Henry, the beloved son of Albion and Elizabeth Hartley Formerly of Colne who lost his life in the S.S. Titanic Disaster on April 15th, 1912, aged 33 years and was interred on May 18th 1912.’

A violin is also carved into the gravestone and there is a page from Arthur Sullivan’s setting of the hymn Nearer My God To Thee, the hymn tune which was reputedly played by the band of which Wallace Hartley was the leader, as the ship sank.  Whether that is true isn’t actually clear, but it was the bravery of Hartley and his musicians in continuing to play that night that went some way to preventing a mass panic and a stampede for the lifeboats which may have saved many lives.

Wallace Henry Hartley was born on 2 June 1878 at 92 Greenfield Road in Colne.  His parents, Albion and Elizabeth Hartley were textile workers and he had an elder sister Mary Ellen and a younger sister Lizzie.  A younger brother died in infancy.

He was a talented violinist and as he came from a musical family his father had always encouraged his talent.  But when he left school Wallace Hartley went to work in a local bank, the Craven and Union, as a clerk and stayed there until he moved with the family to Huddersfield in 1895, where he joined the Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra as a violinist whilst continuing to work as a bank clerk during the day.

It wasn’t until 1903 that he first played professionally when he moved to the seaside town of Bridlington where he played First Violin in the Bridlington Municipal Orchestra. In 1909 he began his career as a musician on board the Cunard liners that sailed between the UK and USA.  He played on the Lucania, the Lusitania, playing the second violin in the ship’s five-man band, and in October 1910 he was promoted to bandmaster on the Mauretania, which was the best and fastest ship afloat at the time.

When the new White Star Lines ship Titanic sailed from Southampton on 10 April 1912 Wallace Hartley was the bandmaster, although he had been reluctant to accept the job as he had just proposed to his fiancée, Maria Robinson, and was considering giving up working on the ships to be with her. But not only was this a promotion, it also meant a pay rise for the musician who was not highly paid and, hoping that the voyage would provide him with contacts for future work, he agreed to go.

On 10 April 1912, Wallace Hartley and his band played on the upper deck of the ship as the First Class passengers embarked.   The Titanic made good speed westwards across the Atlantic towards New York until there was a sighting of ice around noon on Sunday 14 April.  Wallace Hartley, who had crossed the North Atlantic Ocean over eighty times, probably wasn’t unduly concerned, but shortly after midnight, it became clear that the ship was sinking and passengers were directed to the lifeboats.  Wallace Hartley assembled all the musicians together to play in the First Class lounge and as people in life jackets waited to board lifeboats, the band continued to play as if nothing was amiss.  When passengers were moved out onto the Boat Deck, Wallace Hartley and his musicians moved outside too, to continue playing and many people believe that their playing helped to keep passengers calm and allowed the lifeboats to be loaded in an orderly fashion.

At 2.20 am on 15 April 1912 the Titanic sank and in the last wave to engulf the decks all eight bandsmen were swept into the icy waters and drowned.

Two weeks later, Wallace Hartley’s body was found floating in the Atlantic Ocean by the cable ship Mackay-Bennett.  First recorded as body number 224, his identity was soon apparent.  He was still clothed in his bandsman’s uniform of brown overcoat, green facings, black boots and green socks.  His music box was still strapped to his body and amongst the items found in his pockets was a gold fountain pen with his initials on – W.H.H.

His body, perhaps ironically, packed in ice to preserve it, was returned to the UK aboard the SS Arabic and he was brought home to Colne to a hero’s welcome.  Over forty thousand people lined the streets of the small town to pay their respects at his funeral on 18 May.  The procession, led by seven bands, made its way to the Bethel Chapel, where Wallace had sung in the choir as a boy, and was almost half a mile long.  The congregation for the service totalled over a thousand, in a building designed only to hold seven hundred.  As he was buried an orchestra played Nearer My God To Thee.

There is also a memorial to Wallace Hartley on the main street in Colne that was erected in 1915.  The plaque records that it was ‘Erected by voluntary contributions to commemorate the heroism of a native of this town.’

If you would like to discover more stories about people buried in Lancashire my book is available from Waterstones and other bookshops and at Amazon http://www.amazon.co.uk/Lancashire-Lies-Beneath-Local-History/dp/184674167X/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1334513408&sr=1-6

This is a mummified cat which is displayed on the wall of the Stag Inn in Hastings.

The mummified cat was horribly compulsive.  It was one of things you really don’t want to see but can’t stop yourself looking at.  It was more or less intact, and certainly had more teeth than my own cat, but was literally just skin and bone and little more than the size of a part grown kitten.

A skeleton of a cat was recently found walled up in the remains of a cottage near Barley.  It was discovered by archaeologists brought in by United Utilities to survey an area near Lower Black Moss reservoir who believe that it was placed there to protect the inhabitants against evil spirits. Similar finds have been made in other places.  Recently a mummified cat was found in the attic of a house in Knaresborough when it fell on a decorator.  But no one is sure whether these cats were placed in walls or attics when they were dead, or whilst they were still alive.  The one on display at Gawthorpe looks as if it has been posed so I really hope that it was concealed after its death as the alternative is a repugnant thought.

The site of Ightenhill Manor

Speaking of things which are concealed, after leaving Gawthorpe Hall I drove up through a nearby housing estate in Burnley to the top of Ightenhill Park.  Here, behind the houses, are the remains of Ightenhill Manor house. Ightenhill was part of the vast lands that belonged to the de Lacy family.

Ightenhill is first mentioned in a charter by John de Lacy to Monk Bretton Priory, dated there in 1238. In 1251 Ightenhill  was named in the grant of free warren to Edmund de Lacy.  After the death of Henry de Lacy in 1311 it was recorded that “the capital messuage in Ightenhill was of no value beyond reprises; the park, with moss and herbage, was valued at 40s.; and in demesne there were 8 acres of land worth 2s. 8d. and an acre of meadow worth 1s. The halmote, with a perquisite called Thistletake, was worth 40s. Tenants at will had 52½ acres, paying 50s. 5d. Thus the value was £6 14s. 1d. in all.“

Henry de Lacy had used Ightenhill as a stud to breed horses, but one version of the family history says that it was from a window here, and not a turret at Pontefract Castle, that his son and heir fell to his death and that afterwards he abandoned the place.

Ightenhill passed to Thomas of Lancaster, the husband of Henry’s daughter Alice de Lacy, and during his rebellion the horses were taken to Skipton.  The inquiry recorded that in 1324 “there were no mares here, but a trifling head of rounceys and colts“. It was also recorded that “Nicholas Maulleverer then constable of Skipton Castle, with many others from Craven and Airedale, did take from the Equitium or Haras (the horse breeding establishment) of Ightenhill and the Instaurators (chief cow keepers) of Pendle and Trawden various animals, and did waste the King’s wine at Ightenhill to his loss, as they understand, of £232. 6d“.

After the execution of Thomas of Lancaster, Ightenhill passed to the king, Edward II – Alice being forced to relinquish any claim on the land that had been in her family’s possession for generations.  And although Alice and her husband, Eble le Strange, managed to recover some of her property in the reign of Edward III, the king retained Ightenhill and continued to use it as a stud farm.

In 1426, the kitchen, granary and other buildings of the manor-house were thoroughly repaired at a cost of £13 3s. 6d. under the superintendence of James Banastre. Thomas Lord Stanley held the park at farm in 1459 at the rent of £20 6s. 8d., John Pilkington in 1464, and Hugh Gartside in 1474. In 1495 Sir Thomas Walton was tenant. The manor courts appear to have been held at Ightenhill until the reign of Henry VIII, when Higham was adopted.

In 1522,before the Crown granted the lease of Ightenhill to Sir John Towneley a survey was made and the report was entered  on the halmote roll as follows:

At the day of taking this inquest the great hall and the timber of the manor-house of Ightenhill are in ruins and fallen to the ground, a great part carried away and not to be found there. The great chamber at the western end of the hall is in like state; the kitchen, butler’s house, and pantry are destroyed and no part to be found, nor are any timbers or slate-stones now left. The oven-house and great barn are in like state. The long chamber at the western end of the hall has fallen down and no part of it remains. Only the park-keeper’s house remains standing, with timber and slate-stones; but the doors and windows have been taken away, and it is like to fall for lack of repair. The chapel there and the stable also remain in like state. John Towneley has not been found guilty of the removal or destruction of any timber or stone of the said houses.

In 1894 the foundations of the keep could still be traced and the old draw well had only recently been covered.

Today it is just a field with some bumps.  But the view is stunning and although you can’t really see it in the photograph, Pendle Hill stands on the horizon and the de Lacys would have been able to see miles and miles of their property from here.

http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Haunted-Hall-ebook/dp/B007R48SV0/ref=pd_rhf_pe_p_t_1

The  steady stream that gushes from the lion’s head at St Anne’s Well attracts many visitors.  I had to wait until a number of people had finished filling their plastic bottles before I could get this picture.

During the 1570s, when Mary Queen of Scots was being kept under the care of the earl of Shrewsbury at Chatsworth House, she was allowed to visit Buxton to take the waters in an attempt to improve her health.  She had pleaded with the queen, Elizabeth, to be allowed to make the visit and eventually she was given permission and made her first visit in the late summer of 1573.  She stayed for five weeks at the Shrewsbury’s New Hall, built on the site of the Auld Hall and which is now named the Old Hall Hotel.

 Here she had to give an hour’s notice before she could leave her apartments and was allowed no visitors after 9 p.m.

Because of the many important visitors to the hall, including the Earl of Leicester, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Suffolk and Lord Burghley who all discussed the politics of the day, as well as seeking cures for their ailments, it became known as ‘that royal house of intrigue’.

It was here that Mary Queen of Scots supposedly scratched her famous couplet of Farewell to Buxton with a diamond ring on one of the bedroom window panes: ‘Buxton, whose warm waters have made thy name famous, perchance I shall visit thee no more-Farewell’

 Buxton’s other famous building – The Crescent – was built in 1780 to house the increasing number of visitors.

 At the moment it is standing empty and looking rather sad but there are plans to redevelop into a spa hotel with a cafe and specialist shops.

I hope this goes ahead as the town presently seems quite run down and not as appealing as I remember it from a previous visit quite a few years ago.

The restored gardens are very attractive though and the weather was so warm last week that it was pleasant just to sit and enjoy the scenery.

Tea in the Pavilion was particularly pleasant.

Here I am, on the right, with LAA chairman Betty Lightfoot.

I’ve been a member of the Lancashire Author’s Association for over 30 years and today I was honoured to accept the role of President at the annual general meeting at Chorley.

As the first female president I’m  following in the footsteps of men such as Geoffrey Handley-Taylor, George Wormleighton  and Eric Holt who have led the members over many years.

The LAA celebrated its centenary in 2009 and is a long standing association of writers and readers from Lancashire.  Past members include Richmal Crompton author of the Just William books, Gracie Fields, Marie Joseph,  Joan Pomfret, and Kathleen Eyre to mention just a few, as well as renowned dialect writers such as John Collier who wrote under the name Tim Bobbin.

Like many associations it has become a little set in its ways over the years, but I’m hoping – with the help of the keen committee members – to shake things up a little and help the LAA appeal to a wider range of readers and writers of all ages as well as anyone with an interest in Lancashire literature and history.  So if you live in Lancashire (and that includes Merseyside and Greater Manchester) or over the border in Yorkshire, or anywhere in the world but have an interest in writing or reading about the county then why not have a look at the website http://lancashireauthorsassociation.wordpress.com/ or come along to one of our meetings?  You’ll be made very welcome, and if you join there are free magazines, annual competitions, interesting speakers, a unique library and much more.

As I read it I recalled the records of a court case in March 1335, in the reign of Edward III, where Alice de Lacy and her husband Eble le Strange made a complaint against several people who had ‘carried away a whale worth 100s (shillings) that had been washed ashore at Friskeneye, county Lincoln.’

Here’s the full record:

‘Commission of oyer and terminer to Richard de Wylughby, Thomas de

Sibthorpe, John de Cresholm and John de Merstou, on complaint bv Ebulo

Lestraunge and Alice his wife that whereas they are lords of the port of

the town of Friskeney, and they and the ancestors of Alice time out of

mind have used to have wreck of sea and all royal fish in the same in  right

of their lordship, Roger de Pedewardyn, William son of Walter de

Friskeneye, John de Stikeneye of Boston, William Whistelpaye, Hugh

son of John Taillour of Friskeneye, William Flayn of Friskeneye, Robert

son of Sibyl de Friskeneye, Richard his brother, Hugh son of Alan son of

Andrew de Friskeneye, Ranulph son of Ranulph deWrangel, Hugh

Flegard of Waynflete, Richard Pynder, John son of Richard, Helewisia de

Wrangel, Hugh Buttersuel and others carried away a whale, worth 100s

which had been washed ashore at Friskeneye, co. Lincoln, within the port.’

By K.

It seems that, unlike today when the carcass is a problem, a beached whale in 1335 was a valuable commodity.  Research into what the carcass was actually used for reveals that whale meat was eaten in the middle ages, although the records of its sale at markets such as the one at Calais may refer to smaller species like porpoise that were caught fresh.

I would guess that the blubber was valuable as oil for cooking and would also have been used to make candles and rush lights.  The earliest known candles were made from whale fat by the Chinese and candles made from spermaceti wax burn with less odour than tallow candles.  The skin may have been used for textiles, maybe for shoes or covers for books.  The bones would have been utilised to make many items.  In his article Working With Horn and Skeletal Materials http://www.florilegium.org/files/CRAFTS/Working-Horn-pamphlet.pdf  Michael Labbe-Webb says:

The most common artifacts made of horn, antler or bone surviving from the
Middle Ages are combs, pins (used in both hair and clothing) and spoons,
but many other articles made of these materials have been found.
Whalebone (most of which was scavenged from whales which were washed
ashore, although whales were hunted in the early medieval period) was used
to make helmet plumes for tournaments for knights as well as more
complicated articles like chests and caskets. Canes, toothpicks, powder
horns, jewelry, religious articles, jewelry caskets, weapon and knife hilts,
musical instruments, portraits, sculptures and even bone spurs are but a few
of the items surviving from the middle ages.

As the BBC article says, whales were classed as ‘royal fish’ and in the court case this is referred to, stating that Alice and her ancestors (her father was Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln) have always had the right to any ‘wreck of the sea and royal fish’ as lords of the town and port of Friskeney – now known as Friskney and just south of Skegness where the whale was beached last Saturday.

So it seems that a beached whale in the 14th century did not present the problems it does today.  Alice and Eble would have been horrified to see such a valuable resource go to waste!  They would have had no problem at all in arranging its removal and pocketing the profits.

The origin of Friday being unlucky is often associated with it being the day on which Jesus was crucified, and the number 13 represents the number who were present at the Last Supper.  But it seems that it is also unlucky because when people began to convert to Christianity the old Norse gods were banished, including Frigga or Freya, after whom Friday is named.  It seems that she was called a witch and it was beleived that on Fridays she met with eleven other witches plus the devil to make a coven of 13, to plan bad luck for the coming week.  In some places Friday is known as the ‘witches’ sabbath’.

In Lancashire, the fisherman were particularly afraid of Freya and boats from the port of Fleetwood would not put to sea on Friday 13th.

And please don’t cut your fingernails on a Friday.  That is bound to bring bad luck as explained in this rhyme – though cutting them on a Sunday may bring even worse luck:

Cut your nails on a Monday, cut them for news;
Cut them on Tuesday for a new pair of shoes;
Cut them on Wednesday, cut them for health;
Cut them on Thursday, cut them for wealth;
Cut them on Friday, cut them for woe;
Cut them on Saturday, a journey you’ll go;
Cut them on Sunday, you cut them for evil,
For all the next week you’ll be ruled by the Devil.

You also need to be careful which day you sneeze on:

Sneeze on a Monday, you sneeze for danger;
Sneeze on a Tuesday, you kiss a stranger;
Sneeze on a Wednesday, you sneeze for a letter;
Sneeze on a Thursday, for something better;
Sneeze on a Friday, you sneeze for sorrow;
Sneeze on a Saturday, see your sweetheart tomorrow;
Sneeze on a Sunday, your safety seek,
For the Devil will have you the whole of the week.

It is also unlucky to marry on a Friday.  And it is improper for a courting couple to meet on a Friday.  If they do they are liable to be followed home by a crowd of people beating pans – although nobody seems to know why.

And speaking of weddings it is important to get the colour of your wedding gown right to ensure future happiness:

Married in red, wish yourself dead.
Married in yellow, ashamed of your fellow.
Married in blue, they’ll never be true
Married in green, ashamed to be seen
Married in white, married all right.

Many superstitions are connected with the moon.  A full moon shining in through the window after children have gone to bed will cause them to go mad.  If the new moon is lying on its back it is ‘holding water’ and it will rain. But be careful about looking at a new moon.  It’s unlucky to see it through glass and if you do you must turn over some money in your pocket.

Other superstitions include not putting new shoes on the table as it will bring bad luck.  And if you accidentally put an item of clothing on inside out you must leave it like that because it is unlucky to take it off and put it on again the right way. 

But the weirdest Lancashire superstition that I’ve come across is that eating fried mice will cure bedwetting.  I’m sure the very thought is enough to cause it!   

Stay safe today.  There are two more Friday the 13ths to come this year – on 13th April and 13th July.  And remember that searching for information about Friday 13th on Friday 13th is – you’ve guessed it – unlucky!

So I began by having a quick look on the internet to see what information was available and came across a useful looking site that told me, amongst other things, that “There were no forks in Tudor times. People ate with knives and their fingers or with spoons.”

Well everyone knows that’s true, don’t they?  Every historic hall you visit these days is made ready for a school visit where pupils sit at trestle tables and learn about what the Tudors ate and how they ate it.  The tables are set with platters, beakers, knives and spoons – and not a fork in sight.

But never willing to trust other people’s research I continued with my own.  Wikipedia informed me that ‘Its (the fork’s) use was first described in English by Thomas Coryat in a volume of writings on his Italian travels (1611), but for many years it was viewed as an unmanly Italian affectation.’  The unmanliness of using forks has a long history and one well known example is the disapproval of Piers Gaveston, the friend and companion of Edward II, who in 1313 owned three silver forks for eating pears.

Wikipedia goes on to say that ‘It was not until the 18th century that the fork became commonly used in Great Britain’.

An article about the history of the table fork told me that ‘The earliest fork known to have been made in England is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum. It bears the crests of John Manners, 8th Earl of Rutland and his wife Frances, daughter of Edward Lord Montagu of Boughton [Bailey]. It is two-tined and squarish, made of silver, and bears the London hallmark for 1632-3 [Hayward].’

Well that all seemed fairly conclusive until I began to read an old book from my own shelf.  It contained a quote from a historian named John de Brentford.  In his ‘black-letter’ book published in 1602 he says: ‘The manners and customs of the inhabitants of Lancashire are similar to those of the neighbouring counties, except that the people eat with two pronged forks’.

What?  Can that be true?  And why did only Lancashire people use forks?

Well, Lancashire at the time was the centre of the illegal Catholic underground movement and many of the young sons of the wealthy families were sent to the Continent to receive a Roman Catholic education at the colleges of St Omer in Bruges and Liege, or at Douai in France.  Was it there, I wonder, that they became used to eating with forks and brought them back when they returned home?

And more importantly, dare I portray the use of forks at table at Hoghton Tower in 1580?